An endoscope is inside the body and moves through the esophagus and stomach and into the duodenum. The Barium can be seen x-ray and allows the physician to monitor swallowing and the movement through the stomach into the duodenum.Д®ndoscopy: This test allows the physician to determine whether abnormalities of the tissue or infections are present. The patient drinks a contrast medium, usually barium sulfate. Helps obtain information about the quantity and pattern of GERD events, a correlation with symptoms, and efficiency of esophageal acid clearance.Д«arium Esophogram: The purpose of barium radiology is to distinguish abnormalities such as ulcers, tumors, or inflammation. A capsule with an acid sensing probe is placed and monitors the acid in the esophagus.

24-hour pH monitoring: a pH is placed in the distal esophagus for 12-24 hours in order to read pH levels. Describe the diagnostic tests performed for this patient Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2009.Д¦. Medical Nutrition Therapy: a Case) Study Approach. The patientвЂ™s signs and symptoms for GERD include: constant indigestion, pain within the region of the heart, shoulder pain, and epigastric tenderness without rebound or guarding. Identify the patientвЂ™s signs and symptoms that could suggest the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease pylorus is associated with an increased risk of ulcers, gastric, and other gastrointestinal diseases.ДҐ. pylori to determine whether the patient may be at risk for the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers. The physician biopsied the patient for H. The bacteria produce various proteins that damage mucosal cells, attract lymphocytes, and cause inflammation. pylorus has been found to be a factor in development of gastric and duodenal ulcers. H Pylori, helicobacter pylori is Gram-negative rod found in the stomachвЂ™s mucous layer. pylori, and why did the physician want to biopsy the patient for H. It may even cause severe pain in the neck, back and/ or jaw.В Complications of this disease may include impaired swallowing, ulceration, aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs, and perforation of stricture of the esophagus.В Another complication would be BarrettвЂ™s Esophagus.Д¤. With gastroesophgeal reflux disease comes many conditions.В They include dysphagia, increased salivation and belching. What are the complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease? Factors affecting LES pressure include secretion of the hormones gastrin, estrogen, and progesterone, presence of other medical conditions, cigarette smoking, use of medications, and specific foods.ДЈ. If there is an incompetence of the LES it can lead a lower pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter. The esophagus has normally a greater atmospheric pressure compared to the stomach, and this difference in pressure prevents reflux of gastric contents.

вЂ“ The Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) serves as a barrier between the esophagus and stomach. What role does lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure play in the etiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease? Belmont, CA Wadsworth Cengage Learning 2011.)Дў. (Nutrition Therapy ad Pathophysiology 2 nd ed. Somatostatin is an inhibitory paracrine and acts on stimulatory mechanisms to slowly decrease gastric secretions. Gastrin, another hormone, stimulates ECL cells to release histamine. Histamine acts on parietal cells to increase production of HCL.

The nervous and endocrine systems control the gastric secretions. Three substances that take an active role in production of gastric juices include: Enterochromaffin-like cells, G cells, and D cells that secrete gastric, stimulate while D cells inhibit parietal cells. Gastric acids are produced by parietal cells in the stomach, secreting hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. How is acid produced and controlled within the gastrointestinal tract? Understanding the Disease and PathophysiologyДЎ.

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